Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the penne pasta and cook according to package instructions until al dente, about 9-11 minutes. Drain and set aside.
While the pasta cooks, heat the olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat.
Add the crumbled turkey sausage to the skillet and cook, stirring occasionally, until browned and cooked through, about 6-8 minutes.
Add the minced garlic to the skillet and cook for 1 minute until fragrant, stirring frequently to avoid burning.
Add the chopped kale to the skillet with the sausage. Cook, stirring occasionally, until the kale is wilted and tender, about 4-5 minutes.
Sprinkle in the crushed red pepper flakes, salt, and black pepper. Stir to combine.
Add the drained pasta to the skillet and toss everything together until well combined and heated through, about 2 minutes.
Remove from heat and sprinkle the grated Parmesan cheese over the pasta. Toss lightly to distribute the cheese.
Divide the pasta between two plates and serve immediately.